Ukrainian lands in Habsburg Austria 1770s –1914 Chapter Five During the "long nineteenth century" (1772–1914), Galicia, Bukovina, and later Transcarpathia were part of the multiethnic, Habsburg-ruled Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire. Emperor Franz Josef I abolished serfdom in 1848 and granted both Ukrainians and Jews cultural and civic rights that fostered their national awakenings. Ukrainian peasants, though freed from serfdom, often became chronically indebted subsistence farmers. Poverty was also the condition of many Galician and Bukovinian Jews, for the most part urban and engaged in crafts and petty commerce. Carpathian Jews worked in agriculture or as lumberjacks, like their Ukrainian neighbours. In Galicia, where Polish culture was dominant, Jews were often drawn into the intense Polish-Ukrainian political rivalries and periodically entered into Ukrainian-Jewish alliances. Literary creativity in Ukrainian, as well as in Hebrew and Yiddish, blossomed in Habsburg-ruled Ukrainian lands in the nineteenth century. Politics Demography and Migration Economy and Society Culture and Religion Antisemitism Ukrainian-Jewish Relations
